Abstract: ObjectiveTo provide the distribution of different etiologies in pediatric hemoptysis in China and abroad.MethodsChinese databases (Wanfang Data, CBM, VIP and CNKI) and English databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase) were searched for the retrospectively observational studies based on the criteria, which had been done by 2 independent reviewers up to January 1st, 2018. The quality of enrolled studies was assessed according to CARE checklist. The meta-analysis was performed by Stata 14.1.ResultsA total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 523 children were involved. It was demonstrated that pneumonia and bronchitis were the most common causes(36.4%), and the other common causes included idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH, 10.3%), pulmonary tuberculosis (5.0%), cardiopulmonary vascular malformations (5.8%), bronchiectasis (5.7%), bronchial foreign bodies (1.9%), trauma (1.3%), other causes (10.4%) and unclear etiologies (9.1%). Outcomes in meta-analysis demonstrated that in total the prevalence rate of respiratory infection was 39.8% (95%CI: 35.4%-44.1%), and 8.3% (95%CI: 4.6%-12.1%) for IPH, 4.5% (95%CI: 2.5%-6.5%) for pulmonary tuberculosis, 4.9% (95%CI: 2.7%-7.1%) for bronchiectasis, and 9.0%(95%CI: 4.9%-13.2%) for cardiopulmonary vascular malformations. The distribution of etiologies was proved different in China.ConclusionThe causes leading to hemoptysis in children were different from those in adults, and the most common causes were infectious diseases, IPH and cardiopulmonary vascular malformations. Additionally, about 20% of pediatric hemoptysis was caused by other diseases and unclear conditions.